When is the fire spreading and when it travels? – Numerical simulations of compartments with wood crib fire loads

Visual Simulation of Spreading Fire

Visual simulation of fire is used as special effects in movies, applications of fire simulation for the training in disaster prevention. In this paper, we propose techniques for simulating fire spread taking into account the various properties of materials, and for an effective visualization of combustion phenomenon. In our simulation method, the flame dynamics is obtained by combining the Navi...

When every $P$-flat ideal is flat

In this paper‎, ‎we study the class of rings in which every $P$-flat‎ ‎ideal is flat and which will be called $PFF$-rings‎. ‎In particular‎, ‎Von Neumann regular rings‎, ‎hereditary rings‎, ‎semi-hereditary ring‎, ‎PID and arithmetical rings are examples of $PFF$-rings‎. ‎In the context domain‎, ‎this notion coincide with‎ ‎Pr"{u}fer domain‎. ‎We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for‎...

When Senescence Is Optimal and When It Is Not

A simple model is developed that captures the main features of life reproduction, growth and maintenance. These features are determined by a single state variable, vitality. The resulting optimal life-history strategies are classified with respect to the course of their characteristic age-trajectory of mortality. It is shown that the range of optimal life histories is wide. The main factors tha...

When Is It Coevolution?

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Fire-retardant Treatments for Wood